|
The History of Hip-Hop dance encompasses the people and events since the late 1960s that have contributed to the development of the early hip-hop dance styles: uprock, breaking, locking, roboting, boogaloo, and popping. Black Americans and Latino Americans created uprock and breaking in New York City. Black Americans in California created locking, roboting, boogaloo, and popping—collectively referred to as the ''funk styles''. All of these dance styles are different stylistically. They share common ground in their street origins and in their improvisational nature. More than 40 years old, hip-hop dance became widely known after the first professional street-based dance crews formed in the 1970s in the United States. The most influential groups were Rock Steady Crew, New York City Breakers, The Lockers, and The Electric Boogaloos who are responsible for the spread of breaking, locking, and popping respectively. The Brooklyn-based dance style uprock influenced breaking early in its development. Boogaloo gained more exposure because it is the namesake of the Electric Boogaloos crew. Uprock, roboting, and boogaloo are respected dance styles but none of them are as mainstream or popular as breaking, locking, and popping. Parallel with the evolution of hip-hop music, hip-hop social dancing emerged from breaking and the funk styles into different forms. Dances from the 1990s such as the Running Man, the Worm, and the Cabbage Patch entered the mainstream and became fad dances. After the millennium, newer social dances such as the Cha Cha Slide and the Dougie also caught on and became very popular. Hip-hop dance is not a studio-derived style. Street dancers developed it in urban neighborhoods without a formal process. All of the early substyles and social dances were brought about through a combination of events including inspiration from James Brown, DJ Kool Herc's invention of the break beat, the formation of dance crews, and Don Cornelius' creation of the television show ''Soul Train''. ==Birth of breaking== (詳細はAfrika Bambaataa and b-boy Richard "Crazy Legs" Colón,〔 the purest hip-hop dance style, breaking (commonly called "breakdancing"), began in the early 1970s as elaborations on how James Brown danced to his song "Get on the Good Foot".〔Chang 2005, p. 76.〕 People mimicked these moves in their living rooms, in hallways, and at parties. It was at these parties that breaking flourished and developed with the help of a young Clive Campbell. Campbell, better known as DJ Kool Herc, was a Jamaican-born DJ who frequently spun records at neighborhood teenage parties in the Bronx. Jeff Chang, in his book ''Can't Stop Won't Stop'' (2005), describes DJ Kool Herc's eureka moment in this way:
In response to this revelation, Herc developed the Merry-Go-Round technique to extend the breaks—the percussion interludes or instrumental solos within a longer work of music. When he played a break on one turntable, he repeated the same break on the second turntable as soon as the first was finished. He then looped these records one after the other in order to extend the break as long as he wanted: "And once they heard that, that was it, wasn't no turning back," Herc told Chang. "They always wanted to hear breaks after breaks after breaks after breaks." It was during these times that the dancers, later known as break-boys or b-boys, would perform what is known as breaking.〔 Breaking started out strictly as toprock, footwork-oriented dance moves performed while standing up.〔Chang 2005, p. 115.〕 Toprock usually serves as the opening to a breaker's performance before transitioning into other dance moves performed on the floor. A separate dance style that influenced toprock is uprock, also called rocking or Brooklyn uprock, because it comes from Brooklyn, New York. The uprock dance style has its roots in gangs.〔Chang 2005, p. 116.〕〔Chang 2005, p. 138.〕 Although it looks similar to toprock, uprock is danced with a partner〔Chang 2006, p. 21. "The structure was different from b-boying/b-girling since dancers in b-boy/b-girl battles took turns dancing, while uprocking was done with partners."〕 and is more aggressive, involving fancy footwork, shuffles, hitting motions, and movements that mimic fighting.〔 When there was an issue over turf, the two warlords of the feuding gangs would uprock, and whoever won this preliminary dance battle decided where the real fight would be.〔〔 Because uprock's purpose was to moderate gang violence, it never crossed over into mainstream breaking as seen today, except for some specific moves adopted by breakers who use it as a variation for their toprock. Aside from James Brown and uprock, hip-hop historian Jorge "Popmaster Fabel" Pabon writes that toprock was also influenced by "tap dance, Lindy hop, salsa, Afro-Cuban, and various African and Native American dances."〔Chang 2006, p. 20.〕 From toprock, breaking progressed to being more floor-oriented, involving freezes, downrock, head spins, and windmills.〔Chang 2005, pp. 117–118, 138.〕 These additions occurred due to influences from 1970s martial arts films,〔Chang 2006, p. 20. "Early influences on b-boying and b-girling also included martial arts films from the 1970s."〕 influences from gymnastics, and the formation of dance crews〔Chang 2005, p. 136.〕—teams of street dancers who get together to develop new moves, create dance routines, and battle other crews. One b-boy move taken from gymnastics is called the ''flare'', which was made famous by gymnast Kurt Thomas and is called the "Thomas flair" in gymnastics. B-boys Jamie "Jimmy D" White and Santiago "Jo Jo" Torres founded Rock Steady Crew (RSC) in 1977 in the Bronx.〔Hess 2007, p. xxii. "1977: The Rock Steady Crew is founded by Jojo and Jimmy D in the Bronx, New York."〕 Along with Dynamic Rockers and Afrika Bambaataa's Mighty Zulu Kings, they are one of the oldest continually active breaking crews. For others to get into the crew, they had to battle one of the Rock Steady b-boys—that was their audition, so to speak. The crew flourished once it came under the leadership of b-boy Richard "Crazy Legs" Colón. Crazy Legs opened a Manhattan chapter of the crew and made his friends and fellow b-boys Wayne "Frosty Freeze" Frost and Kenneth "Ken Swift" Gabbert co-vice presidents.〔 RSC was instrumental in the spread of breaking's popularity beyond New York City. They appeared in ''Wild Style'' and ''Beat Street''—1980s films about hip-hop culture—as well as in the movie ''Flashdance''. They also performed at the Ritz, at the Kennedy Center, and on the Jerry Lewis Telethon.〔 In 1981, the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts hosted a breaking battle between Dynamic Rockers and Rock Steady Crew.〔Kugelberg 2007, p. 59.〕 ''The Daily News'' and ''National Geographic'' covered this event. In 1982, their manager Ruza "Kool Lady" Blue organized the ''New York City Rap Tour'', which featured Rock Steady Crew, Afrika Bambaataa, Cold Crush Brothers, the Double Dutch Girls, and Fab 5 Freddy.〔Chang 2005, pp. 182–183.〕 This tour traveled to England and France, which spread hip-hop culture to these countries.〔〔 In 1983, they performed for Queen Elizabeth II at the Royal Variety Performance.〔 The following year, they recorded a song titled "(Hey You) The Rock Steady Crew", which was commercially released.〔Guzman-Sanchez 2012, p. 143.〕 RSC now has satellite crews based in Japan, the United Kingdom, and Italy.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of hip-hop dance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|